Physical And Cognitive Development Of Infants

Physical And Cognitive Development Of Infants Select one of the following age groups: infants, toddlers or young children. Focus on two developmental domains (select from: physical, social and emotional, language and/or cognitive development) of the child. Describe how these two domains develop within your chosen age group with the support of human development theories and concepts studied in this course. Identify a range of teaching strategies that promote a childs development in each of the two selected domains. Development describes the growth of humans throughout the lifespan, from conception to death. The study of human development helps to understand how and why people change throughout life. This includes all aspects of human growth, including physical, intellectual, language, social and emotional and spiritual development. Papalia and Olds (1998) define lifespan development as a lifelong process of development (p.10). This essay describes the physical and cognitive development of infants (birth-12 months) and also discuss about some teaching strategies that promote physical and cognitive development of infants in the early childcare centres. Physical development refers to progressively gaining control over large and small muscles. Gross motor (large muscle) skills allow a child to do things like roll over, sit, crawl, walk, and throw a ball. Fine motor (small muscle) skills enable children to do things like draw, and eat with spoon. The development of new motor skills allows children to make new discoveries. As they explore, they begin to make sense of their environment (Berger, 2001). The physical development of infants is very important. Although children develop at different rates, they learn to control their bodies in the same progression (Berk, 2006). Arnold Gesell, an American psychologist, is one of the first theorists who approached to determine developmental measure for children. He developed his theory by studying a number of children (Terry, 2008). Newborn babies have very few motor skills. Their muscles are not strong enough to control their body, while their sense of hearing and smell are keen. Infants move by reflex when they are newborns. They move automatically in response to various stimuli. Some reflexes help parents to make sure that infants will get what they need to survive (Berk, 2006). For instance, when the mother touches the cheek of a newborn, the baby starts moving his/her mouth in search of a nipple. When the mother touches his/her mouth or when his/her mouth touches the nipple, the baby starts sucking. Also, infants have other reflexes such as reciprocal kicking (Terry, 2008). In five months, most babies gain control of their arms and head. Gesell considered this process of physical growth a genetically determines series of events that unfolds automatically (Berk, 2006, p.14). He believed that physical development occurs to each child in a fixed order, and a certain development happens when an individuals inner system is prepared. Gesell also suggested head-to-tail and centre-to-edge sequence (Berk, 2006). In other words, control develops from head to toe, and from the centre of childrens bodies out through their arms and legs to their fingers and toes. For example, a child learns to lift his/her head first and then sit, crawl, walk and run (Terry, 2008). Gesell also stated that an infant gains control of the head before arms, and masters moving arms before fingers. According to milestones of motor development, infants can lift their upper body by using their arms two months after their birth, and sit by themselves a few months later. Then, infants become able to control their lower body to do things like walking and jumping (Berk, 2006). When the children are of nearly one year, they are gradually developing their fine motor skills like grabbing objects. They begin to stack blocks or other toys. Also they can pick up small pieces of cereal, open and close small boxes, and turn knobs on toys because their pincer grasp becomes more coordinated (Berk, 2006). Another aspect of physical development is shaping senses. A childs sense of taste, smell and hearing are more developed than sense of sight. Infants can recognize the difference of flavors, peoples smell and tones of voice, while their vision is unclear. In addition to these four senses (taste, smell, hear and vision), infants develop their sense of touch (Berk, 2006). Teachers play an important role in promoting childrens physical development. They should provide safe indoor and outdoor spaces for children to move their bodies. Educators should provide materials and equipments according to the age and developmental level of infants (Dodge, Dombro Koralek, 1991). Educators can promote physical development of infants by reinforcing and encouraging them. Educators should help and encourage children when they are learning new skills (Dodge, Dombro Koralek, 1991). For example, when an infant is taking the feed from his/her bottle, educator should encourage him/her for holding the milk bottle (Terry, 2008). Educators should provide the opportunities for children to use their senses to explore, shape, volume and other characteristics of objects (Dodge, Dombro Koralek, 1991). Educators can promote physical development of infants by providing equipments and opportunities for gross motor skills. To do this, educators should set up the room in a way that infants have the freedom to explore in a range of safe spaces (Dodge, Dombro Koralek, 1991). For instance, some infants have started crawling, so teachers should divide the space so that the infants, who do not crawl, wont get hurt. Educators should provide a range of materials and equipments that helps children to use their large muscles. For example, push bikes, tunnels and so on (Dodge, Dombro Koralek, 1991). Educators can promote physical development of infants by providing equipments and opportunities for fine motor skills. To do this, educators should provide opportunities for infants that help them to develop small muscles by grasping, dropping, pulling and fingering (Dodge, Dombro Koralek, 1991). Treasure basket is a good resource that teachers can use to develop fine motor skills of infants (Terry, 2008). As human beings grow, they gain knowledge and produce different thoughts, and also their ability of memorizing develops. This change of intelligence is called cognitive development. The early years of a childs life are crucial for cognitive development (Berger, 2001). Cognitive development of the baby means the learning process of memory, language, thinking and reasoning. Babies develop at their own pace. So, it is impossible to tell exactly when every child will learn a given skill. Jean piaget and Lev Vygotsky are two of the famous cognitive theorists (Tesar, 2008). After birth of a baby, their intelligence develops rapidly during the first two years. According to Piagets cognitive theory, infants explore and understand their world by using their senses. For example, smelling, sucking, throwing, and mouthing and so on. Piaget proposed four stages of cognitive development, which he believed occur in a certain order to everyone at individuals own rate (Berk, 2006). The first stage of development is called sensor motor stage that applies to children from birth to two year. During this stage, an infants knowledge of the world is limited, but developing, to their sensory perceptions and motor activities. Behaviors are limited to simple motor responses caused by sensory stimuli. Children utilize skills and abilities they born with, such as looking, sucking, grasping and listening, to learn more about the environment. This stage has further six sub-stages (Berk, 2006). During first sub-stage, which is reflexive schemes (0-1 month), the child understands the world through inborn reflexes such as sucking and looking. The second sub-stage, which is primary circular reactions (1-4 months), involves coordinating sensation and new schemes (Berk, 2006). For instance, if a child accidentally puts his/her finger in mouth and has started sucking it, then later on, that child intentionally repeat this action. By repeating these actions, infants find them pleasurable (Tesar, 2008). During third sub-stage, which is secondary circular reactions (4-8 months), infants start paying attention on the world around them and begins to intentionally repeat an action in order to trigger a response in the environment (Berk, 2006). For example, a child intentionally picks up a toy from the floor to put that toy in his/her mouth (Tesar, 2008). In the fourth sub-stage, which is coordination of secondary circular reactions (8-12 months), object permanence occurs, demonstrating that memory is developing. Infants realize that an object exists and they begin to recognize certain objects as having specific qualities (Berk, 2006). For example, if the mother shows the baby an attractive toy and then hides that toy under the blanket. The child in this sub-stage can find the toy (Tesar, 2008). According to Piaget, infants develop their memory and imitation skills through these sub-stages. New born babies respond to what they feel through senses and also imitate facial expressions. As children grow, they enjoy repeating actions as well as becoming able to remember familiar people and objects (Berk, 2006). The ways children adapt to situations were described by Piaget as assimilation and accommodation. Children organize their own experience when they encounter the similar events during assimilation, whereas in accommodation, the children adjust old knowledge to new understandings when unfamiliar situations come (Bruce Meggitt, 2005). According to Vygotsky, childrens learning is influenced by people in their society. His idea of zone of proximal development is that childrens intelligence expands more when they are supported by adults or older children than when they are working by themselves. Infants gain knowledge not only from their own discoveries but also from what other people illustrate to them (Nixon Gould, 2003). According to Piaget, the teacher should provide an environment where children can explore themselves. Teachers play an important role in the development of children. Teachers should create an environment where they can interact with the children and observe them closely (Tesar, 2008). Teachers should provide opportunities for infants to use all senses to explore the world around them. For example, providing treasure basket is a good example to promote infants cognitive development. By doing this, educators can help children develop new concepts and gain thinking and reasoning skills (Dodge, Dombro Koralek, 1991). By providing musical instruments, teachers can help children to acquire knowledge of different sounds and children know the difference of high and low volume (Dodge, Dombro Koralek, 1991). Teachers should provide finger food to the infants. By doing this, children can smell, taste or squish the food. This helps infants to get familiar with the taste, hardness, softness and smell of the provided food (Dodge, Dombro Koralek, 1991). Teachers can promote infants cognitive development by interacting with them in different ways. This helps children to promote their confidence and curiousity. Educators can promote infants confidence and curiosity by praising their successess. For example, if a child roll over or hold a toy for the very first time, then the teacher should praise that child. By doing this, teachers can help children in buliding their self confidence and inceases their curiosity for achieving success for next time (Dodge, Dombro Koralek, 1991). In conclusion, physical development occurs to infants automatically according to genes in the fixed sequence. Also, babies gain control of their upper body before lower body. Infants gain knowledge of world through explorations by using their senses as well as organizing previous experiences when they face unfamiliar situations. According to Vygotskys point of view, an infants cognition expands with the support from people around them. Educators play a prominent role for the physical and cognitive development of infants.

Explain the Impact of Technology on the Environment

Technology is such a broad term, for technology is not only what first comes to mind like cell phones and computers. Technology is also the crafting of materials, pencils, pens, even your toothbrush is considered a form of technology. All of these objects that most of us use on a day to day basis has altered are lifestyles compared how the world was several hundred years ago. Sadly, the majority of technology has a reverse affect, more so on the environment.To start with, there is some technology that could potentially be a part of global warming. There are parts that make up objects that could cause the after affect to take a negative effect. For instance, technology dates as far back as the Stone Age, when man discovered how to make fire, believed be approximately 1. 4 million years ago. In fact, no one could have thought back then that fire, including its wood burning technology could create an impact on today’s natural environment through its greenhouse gas emissions.Cavem en created some of the first technology, such as fire axes and spears. As time went on technology advanced and even though they seem to make life easier for us after affects take a turn for the worse on the environment. Another fact to consider, is todays mode of transportation. For example In Sidan over 2,000 new cars are on the road each day, the more cars there are the more gases there are being released into the atmosphere.This harms society through the chain affect involving the environment. It starts with just normal global warming, then the people of the world are not recycling and not conserving there electricity. All of these bad habits, are worsening life as we know it. Sadly not all of this can be controlled for there are some natural causes. But overall a big cause of the environments unwell state is the gases let off by cars going into the atmosphere.One last thought to consider, would be ships going back and forth carrying cargo and spilling oils into the ocean. Becaus e of these spills and leakages, coral reefs are being destroyed. Marine wild life is being endangered since their habitats are being destroyed. Ships are a form of technology, very helpful actually. Especially when it comes to transferring objects too large to go by plane. Are actually taking a part in the environments misfortunes.There are too many endangered or extinct animals already from this tragedy, society must do all in our power to prevent this from happening any further. Therefore, ships is a form of technology that is harmful to our environment. In conclusion, there are multiple different ways technology has an impact on the environment. Whether it be by fossil fuels from fires or oils from cargo ships, it is taking a negative effect on the environment. Worldwide problems, more commonly known as global warming, are being started and worsened by technology.

The Battle Over Summary Essay Samples and How to Win It

The Battle Over Summary Essay Samples and How to Win It Paragraph 4 considers several explanations for why river clean-up plans might not be successful (the plans could be nothing more than campaign promises or funding might not be adequate). Second, state the hypothesis you would like to prove. The technique makes sense when used since it's consistent and it is looked upon by many folks to be a warm up period since it follows all the rules and regulations set. Avoid pleas and biased statements in your summary, but make certain you're able to relay the feeling of urgency for those recommendations you have given. At precisely the same time, you are going to utilize facts which you know or your own observations to help support your opinion. All you need to do is state that the majority of your evidence supports your thesis. When you check at two sentences, the outcome isn't ideal for the cause. Therefore, the response is adequately developed and satisfactorily organized to demonstrate the method by which the argument is dependent on questionable assumptions. Among family homesteads, there are various sorts of dogs. They are part of our families as they provide security due to its high senses. Distinct kinds of dogs differ in dimension and shape. It is imperative to choose dogs that fit into our way of life and requirements. To create an output isn't that easy. When there is frequent upgrading carried out over short amounts of time then there's a likelihood that the firm will lose out on the total productivity of a specific version. Even though the response may start to deal with the assigned task, it provides no development. Top Summary Essay Samples Secrets To conclude, Freakonomics is a special book that has employed a special manner of writing to bring out unique financial situation within the society. In the very first reading you wish to acquire the overall notion of the essay. The absolute most contentious chapter in the entire book is chapter four. Paraphrase the information that you want to put in your research paper. Due to this, it's advised that the overview of your paper is written after you're done with your whole research. Your draft is your very first outline about what to include in the last summary. How to compose an analysis paper. A respondent editorial is among the essay writing models that provides an individual the opportunity to air own views through writing. Unlike the summary, it's composed of YOUR opinions in regard to the article being summarized. To sum up, the statement isn't logical since there are a few errors in it. It's also appropriate as it uses all of the info collected hence a conclusion can be made. At length, when you've finished your body paragraphs, you have to wrap this up. To begin with, readers have a tendency to start skipping over quotations if there are a great deal of them. Knowing the sections of an essay can't get you quite far though. Put simply, you've got to analyze the chosen topic. A summary grid is a beneficial tool for helping students to pull main ideas from a text before organizing them in a bit of writing. Therefore, when you finish a response or reaction essay, you will discuss your individual ideas and feelings on the topic available. On the way, take notes of the critical information and key findings that you would like to highlight in your paper. Try to remember, your view is the thing that dictates a response paper. Be both concise and informative to find an unsurpassed outcome! A research paper involves surveying a field of knowledge to be able to get the best possible data in that area. Thus, the proposal to improve funding for riverside recreational facilities might not be justified. From time to time, the learner will want to respond to a particular document, like a written theory on black holes.

The Deepwater Horizon Disaster Analysis - 927 Words

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